To fully benefit from 5G, several challenges must be addressed. Spectrum availability is a key issue, as it depends on regulators’ actions and varies by country. Regulators must allocate spectrum for specific industries, allow local licensing, and enable MNOs to sub-license spectrum. Return on Investment (ROI) is another challenge, as private LTE/5G is more expensive than alternatives like WiFi, although O-RAN technology may lower costs by promoting vendor interoperability. The success of private networks depends on their integration with other applications, and convincing businesses to invest in them can be difficult. Interoperability and integration pose further challenges, as multi-vendor solutions can complicate troubleshooting. Enterprises also need to manage their 5G networks, which could be outsourced to specialized service providers, given the lack of internal expertise. This could be supported by Network Operation Centers (NOCs) for continuous monitoring and maintenance.
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